The Securities and Exchange Commission widened its sweeping crackdown on crypto by accusing Coinbase Global of running an illegal exchange, a move that could make it harder for the industry to operate and for US citizens to trade.
In a 101-page
The SEC moved against Coinbase, the biggest US crypto exchange, after Chair Gary Gensler repeatedly argued for years that most tokens are subject to his agency's oversight and that swaths of the industry have been breaking the law. At the same time, US regulators have been warning banks to steer clear of crypto because of potential risks to the financial system, making it harder for US citizens to invest.
The SEC's civil lawsuit on Tuesday stands out because of Coinbase's high profile in the US, and its status as a publicly traded company.
Coinbase shares tumbled as much as 20% in New York trading.
The case against Coinbase, coupled with Monday's case against Binance, forms a one-two punch against the industry. The SEC alleged Binance, the world's largest crypto platform, and its chief executive, Changpeng Zhao, mishandled customer funds, misled investors and regulators, and broke securities rules.
The SEC didn't accuse Coinbase Chief Executive Officer Brian Armstrong of wrongdoing in its complaint. The firm was founded in 2012.
"The SEC under Gensler is dead set on enforcing rules that, if followed, would kill off almost all of crypto," Omid Malekan, adjunct professor at Columbia Business School who has consulted on crypto.
Gensler crackdown
Gensler said in an interview on Bloomberg Television that the SEC worked with 10 states to bring its complaint against Coinbase. He cast the agency's efforts to clamp down on crypto as one of both investor protection and US market integrity.
"Why should the New York Stock Exchange or broker dealers we all know and respect be undermined by this other corner of the capital markets, which is sort of saying, thumbing their nose and saying 'Catch us if you can'?," he told Bloomberg's David Westin.
'Enforcement-only approach'
Although Binance is bigger globally, Coinbase is the largest US crypto exchange, with more than 150 different tokens that trade. Paul Grewal, the company's top lawyer, has previously said that those tokens aren't securities.
"The SEC's reliance on an enforcement-only approach in the absence of clear rules for the digital asset industry is hurting America's economic competitiveness and companies like Coinbase that have a demonstrated commitment to compliance," he said in a statement on Tuesday.
Wall Street's main regulator is seeking an order that would require Coinbase to comply with securities laws, and give up what the agency says were ill-gotten gains.
The regulator also alleged that Coinbase acted as an exchange, broker-dealer, and clearinghouse all without registering with the SEC for any of those roles.
"This back-to-back, double whammy of actions by the SEC against Binance and Coinbase confirm that US regulators believe strongly that these entities have for years ignored the securities laws," Ashok Ayyar, counsel at Ashbury Legal, said.
Coins covered
A virtual currency may fall under the SEC's remit if investors buy it to fund a company or project with the intention of profiting from those efforts. That determination is based on a 1946 US Supreme Court decision defining investment contracts.
In its complaint, the SEC said that numerous tokens offered on Coinbase were securities, including SOL, ADA, MATIC, FIL, SAND, AXS, CHZ, FLOW, ICP, NEAR, VGX, DASH, and NEXO.
The question of whether certain tokens are securities has hung over the crypto industry for years. In 2020, the SEC sued Ripple Labs, contending that its XRP token is a security and subject to SEC regulation. A ruling in the case is expected this year.
Staking
The SEC also accused Coinbase of breaking the agency's rules with its "staking" service. That product offers customers a return in exchange for providing their tokens to be used to facilitate transactions on a blockchain.
The case is U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission v. Coinbase Inc. et al, 1:23-cv-04738, U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York (Manhattan).
—With assistance from Allyson Versprille, David Westin, David Pan, Vildana Hajric and Emily Nicolle.
